According to a number of international human rights groups, the labour of. Causes and consequences of child labour in ethiopia. By considering various causes of child labour, we can make a strategy to curb or eliminate child labour in india. Child labour is a global issue that is becoming increasingly common in modern society due to implicating factors such as labour law employment protection, poverty, and the economy i. If the contribution of the childs work to household income is small, then the substitution effect will dominate and the child will increase work and reduce education. Analysis of child labour and school attendance in nigeria dse. The child labour in developing countries a challenge to millennium development goals ravinder rena. Abstractin nigeria, children face the menace of abuse ranging from physical injuries, abandonment, sexual abuse to child labour. Nigeria is one of the main producers of cocoa beans in the world. The causes, consequences and solutions to forced child. Drawing on interviews with 1,535 children aged 814 years in urban nigeria, this study introduces two new measures of child laborchilds ownership of business and control over earningsto supplement the conventional use of a childs hours of work and to create a wider understanding of child labor.
Child labour and education a survey of slum settlements in dhaka 3 contents acknowledgements 1 summary 9 introduction 11 1. Meet the children whose first jobs will impact their lives. In addition, an increased commitment by policy makers and stakeholders to eradicate child labour in our society is highly recommended. This problem involves children between 5 to 17 years old who are engaged in one form of labour or the other, during times when they are supposed to be in school or doing other other activities that are beneficial to their mental and physical wellbeing. Child labour, by virtue of being cheap, increases the margin of profits for such entrepreneurs whose only objective is profit maximization even if it comes at the expense of ethics and good business practices. According to unicef children are employed because they can be easily exploited. First, its findings will shed light on the effects of child labor, especially in nigeria, where the prevalence of child labor is. Even today, as per unicef, a whopping 150 million children all over the globe are engaged in labor. The government also adopted a law to provide protection and assistance to internally displaced persons. The main cause that induces children to work is poverty. The authors suggest that the survey findings can be used to raise awareness, to support campaigns against child labor, and to serve as a foundation for intervention programs. Understanding the relationship between poverty, education.
Child labour manifested in several shades have destroyed and distort the hope and the future of society by many of the future leaders todays adults taking part in roles and activities for adults. Another important cause mentioned by the experts is the overall social and economic situation in the country. Economic hardships and family dysfunction can therefore be named as the main causes of child labour. Pdf working conditions and consequences of child labour. Child labour in child labour in nigeria and its economic. Pdf the dramatists dimensions in tackling child labour. Current patterns of child trafficking in west and central africa although, child trafficking is a global problem, the practice is particularly widespread in some regions.
Child labour is defined as, the participation of young children under. This paper investigated the motivating factors into child labour in nigeria, examined nigerian government efforts at reduction and improvement of child labour and school attendant rates. Findings on the worst forms of child labor niger u. The child labour in developing countries a challenge to. International organizations like the ilo, unesco, unicef, who see child labour as a serious. The prevalent and prime reason for child labour in nigeria is the economic poverty that is seriously confronting the majority of nigerians to some degree. In nigeria, child labour is spread among cocoa beans farmers. Though there are more child workers in asia than anywhere else, a higher percentage of african children participate. Poverty and its related problems are some of the main causes of child labour in ethiopia. Here in west africa, millions of youth are affected by this brutal, entrenched trade. The demand for unskilled labourers is another cause of child labour. In nigeria prone conflict zone, boko haram trafficked children and use them as soldiers and militias.
No dissolution where petition for nullity before court. The the causes, consequences and solutions to causes, consequences and solutions tocauses, consequences and solutions to forced forced forced child marriage child marriage child marriage in the developing worldin the developing world testimony submitted to u. This is probably due to the emphasis placed on the more prevalent childhood problems of. It has also been noticed that poverty has driven a lot of parents and guidance to painfully force their children into early work. It discusses the incidence and nature of child labour, possible causes, and actual and potential policy instruments. Conflict is a push factor for trafficking, migration and poverty. Child labour has forced millions of nigerian children out of the comforts of.
Child labour refers to the employment of young people in jobs that are considered to be illegal andor exploitive. This reduces the output per person as consequence and has been able to retard national development. Ten years after nigeria adopted international prohibitions on child labor into law, millions of children in the country are still engaged in child labor activities. Pdf working conditions and consequences of child labour in.
Therefore, this paper deals with the causes of child labour, the working hours of working children and the minimum child labour wages in nigeria. According to wikipedia, child labour is the practice of having children engage in economic activity, on a part or fulltime basis. Governments efforts to combat the problem have yielded little or no result. Any diagnosis has to begin by recognizing the complexity of the problem. Africa and south asia especially the mekong area are among the worst.
History of child rights and child labour rama kant rai. Despite bans, child labor prevalent in nigeria voice of. Child labour is a much narrower concept and refers to children working in contravention of ilo standards contained in conventions 8 and 182. The result showed that child labours are predominantly found in. Dimension, reasons for its persistence and probable solutions olaitan o. Causes and effects of child labor in nigeria research cyber. The gender roles that a society assigns to its children will have a determining effect on their future. An increase in land holdings or other family assets should increase income. Child labour refers to the exploitation of children through any form of work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and is mentally, physically, socially or morally harmful. In 2018, niger made a moderate advancement in efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. The challenge of child labor to the achievement of mdg2. Relatively, fewer children work in developed countries ilo 1995. Old wine, new bottles child labour and education in the 21st century 1. It has been observed over the years that child labour has been a trending phenomenon in our society.
The health and educational consequences of child labour in. After the nepal earthquakes, unicef worked with the government to help 9,000 children trapped in child labour get safely back home to their families. It is a challenge and longterm goal in many countries to abolish all forms of child labour. Drawing on interviews with 1535 children aged 814 years in urban nigeria, this study introduces two new measures of child laborchilds. The 2001 survey reported that about 90 per cent of the children working in productive activities replied that they were working to either supplement family income 23.
Abstract the problem of child labour is immense and has been growing. These have been printed on many labor law compliance posters for employers, these parts are general provisions as to protection of wages, contracts of employment and terms and conditions of employment. Child labour is most concentrated in asia and africa, which together account for more than 90 percent of total child employment2. Child labour in nigeria is the employment of children under the age of. It examines the causes of child labor and how these measures vary by parental. The nigerian labour act of 1990 is divided into five 5 different parts with each part detailing one particular aspect of the labor law. This study, child labour in nigeria, and its economic implication, is aimed at investigating the existence of child labour, its causes, constraints and economic implications and how to eradicate it with particular interest in calabar municipality, cross river state, nigeria. The history of child labor can be traced back to the industrial revolution, when very young children were forced to work in coal mines, factories, sweatshops, and even as domestic servants. The study recommended that the federal government of nigeria should work towards the eradication of poverty by providing employments to its citizens, which is the primary cause of child labour. This study therefore, examines street hawking a form of child labour and its consequences on children in uyo, a city in. This practice is widely observed in the mining, ceramics and glassware, garment and carpet manufacturing. According to a number of international human rights groups, the labour of children is used on the plantations where the law is ignored.
A case study of children in benin city abstractthis research work is designed to examine the issue of child labour in edo state with a special focus on benin city. Thus, in the campaign against child labour in nigeria theres need for a revitalization of all key stakeholders, and the adoption of holistic measures that would take into account the root causes of child labour. House of representatives human rights commissions human rights commission. Child labor in nigeria is an evil that ruins nigerian childrens health, intellectual development, and all chances of becoming educated. Although child abuse occurs in nigeria, it has received little attention. Such exploitation is prohibited by legislation worldwide, although these laws do not consider all work by children as child labour. Child labour and education overseas development institute. The supreme court set a legal precedent banning the practice of wahaya, a form of slavery in niger in which men buy girls born into slavery, typically between ages 9 and 11, as fifth wives. This study identifies the major causes of child trafficking that stand as a bottleneck in nigeria. The research instrument used was the questionnaires, one hundred. Socioeconomic causes of child labor in urban nigeria.
Wherever poverty exists, child labour there prevails and it is one of the most striking issues in the developing countries. This means all children below 12 years of age working in any economic activities, those aged between 12 and 14 engaged in more than light work, and all children engaged in the. Causes and consequences for national development child labour manifested in several shades have destroyed and. Child abuse has become a problematic issue in nigeria. Begging is a consequence of poverty, one of the main causes of child labor in nigeria. This paper analyses the current trend of global child labour, and investigates the causes and consequences of child labour with a particular attention on globalisationchild labour nexus. In 2018, the security situation in nigeria continued to worsen, due to attacks by insurgency groups such as boko haram and conflicts in rural areas between farmers and herders.
In nigeria, children often have to beg in the streets pretending to be blind, disabled, suffering from dreadful illnesses, and so on. In fact, child abuse is becoming alarming in the country. Child labour is defined not by the activity but by the effect this activity has on the child1. Bhalotra this paper presents an overview of child labour in africa. Children are mostly unskilled and provide a cheap source of labour, making them an attractive option for many greedy employers. Analysis of child labour and school attendance in nigeria.
In nigeria prone conflict zone, boko haram trafficked. The possible importance of reduced learning achievement is well recognized as one of the major harmful effects of child work, and this has been. In burkina faso, a unicefsupported education project helped 15,000 child workers like boureima leave dangerous jobs in gold mines. Another part of the problem arises from the conception of most people. Causes, effects and remedies abstract this study focuses on the causes, effects and remedies of child trafficking in nigeria using ijebuode local government area of ogun state as a case study.
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